Assessment of Urea Concentrations in Human Blood Utilizing a Graphite Electrode modified with Copper/4,4-Nitrobenzylpyridine Nanoparticles

This research introduces an innovative electrochemical sensor made of copper nanoparticles and 4,4-nitrobenzylpyridine electroplated onto bare pencil graphite electrode (PGE) for the detection of urea in human blood. The electrochemical films were decorated onto the graphite electrode by cyclic voltammetry technique at low scan rates, and films exhibiting both chemical and mechanical stability were obtained. The existence of nanostructured layers in the structural texture of the sensor was confirmed by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Using the square wave voltammetry (SWV) In monitoring mode, a linear electrochemical response to urea was observed over a concentration range of 30 to 300 nanomolar (nM), and a detection limit of 9.79 nM was determined.. Furthermore, this innovative electrochemical sensor with graphite/cu nanoparticles/4,4-nitrobenzylpyridine structure was successfully validated for the quantitative determination of urea concentration in human blood serum samples, showing high sensitivity and accuracy without significant interference